In microbiology, what does the term "biofilm" refer to?

The term "biofilm" refers to a community of microorganisms that are attached to a surface and encased in a protective matrix. This matrix is primarily composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, which the microorganisms produce as they grow. The formation of biofilms is a significant aspect of microbiology because it plays a crucial role in how microbial communities thrive in various environments, from natural ecosystems to medical devices.

Biofilms provide several advantages to the microorganisms within them. They enhance nutrient acquisition, protect against environmental stresses, and increase resistance to antimicrobial agents, making infections more difficult to treat. Biofilms can form on a wide range of surfaces, including medical implants, teeth (as dental plaques), and natural aquatic environments.

Understanding the concept of biofilms is important in both clinical settings for preventing infections and in environmental microbiology for managing ecosystems.