What process is used by bacteria to exchange genetic material?

Bacteria primarily utilize conjugation to exchange genetic material, which is a crucial mechanism for genetic diversity and adaptation. During this process, a bacterium extends a pilus to another bacterium, forming a physical connection between the two. This connection allows for the transfer of plasmid DNA, which often carries advantageous genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance.

Conjugation can occur between bacteria of the same species or even between different species, highlighting its importance in horizontal gene transfer. This process is distinct from binary fission, which is the method of asexual reproduction bacteria use to replicate themselves instead of transferring genetic material. Mitosis is specific to eukaryotic cells and involves a complex process of chromosome segregation that does not apply to bacteria. Transduction involves the transfer of genetic material via bacteriophages, which is another form of horizontal gene transfer but operates through a different mechanism than conjugation. Thus, conjugation is the correct and specific term for the process by which bacteria exchange genetic material.